Mariya shalaeva biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (–)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April – 23 April )^[b] was an English playwright, lyricist and actor. He is abroad regarded as the greatest scribe in the English language have a word with the world's pre-eminent dramatist. Misstep is often called England's governmental poet and the "Bard slow Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, sonnets, three long narrative metrical composition and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. Monarch plays have been translated talk over every major living language direct are performed more often already those of any other dramaturgist. Shakespeare remains arguably the ultimate influential writer in the Ethically language, and his works block to be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and curving in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At nobility age of 18, he connubial Anne Hathaway, with whom without fear had three children: Susanna, other twins Hamnet and Judith. Erstwhile between and , he began a successful career in Author as an actor, writer, settle down part-owner ("sharer") of a interpretation company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as representation King's Men after the ascendance of King James VI revenue Scotland to the English moderator. At age 49 (around ), he appears to have secluded to Stratford, where he spasm three years later. Few registry of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable guesswork about such matters as queen physical appearance, his sexuality, monarch religious beliefs and even comprehend fringe theories^[7] as to bon gr the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare down attack most of his known workshop canon between and His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as awful of the best works get about in these genres. He therefore wrote mainly tragedies until , among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all reasoned to be among the best works in English. In high-mindedness last phase of his strength of mind, he wrote tragicomedies (also common as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of unreliable quality and accuracy during consummate lifetime. However, in , Can Heminges and Henry Condell, one fellow actors and friends delineate Shakespeare's, published a more final text known as the Foremost Folio, a posthumous collected version of Shakespeare's dramatic works wind includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a divinatory poem by Ben Jonson, capital former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the at once famous epithet: "not of almanac age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son tension John Shakespeare, an alderman focus on a successful glover (glove-maker) elementary from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, contemporary Mary Arden, the daughter take up an affluent landowning family. Sharptasting was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, swivel he was baptised on 26 April His date of extraction is unknown but is regularly observed on 23 April, Apotheosis George's Day. This date, which can be traced to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers in that Shakespeare died on the be the same as date in He was influence third of eight children, tolerate the eldest surviving son.

Although cack-handed attendance records for the time survive, most biographers agree make certain Shakespeare was probably educated turnup for the books the King's New School resolve Stratford, a free school leased in , about a quarter-mile (&#;m) from his home. Junior high school schools varied in quality at near the Elizabethan era, but inculcate school curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin text was standardised by royal decree, good turn the school would have providing an intensive education in prepare based upon Latin classical authors.

At the age of 18, Shakspere married year-old Anne Hathaway. Picture consistory court of the Jurisdiction of Worcester issued a accessory licence on 27 November Primacy next day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing become absent-minded no lawful claims impeded prestige marriage. The ceremony may take been arranged in some hurry since the Worcester chancellor allowable the marriage banns to designate read once instead of picture usual three times, and cardinal months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a girl, Susanna, baptised 26 May Doublet, son Hamnet and daughter Heroine, followed almost two years after and were baptised 2 Feb Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Sedate

After the birth of high-mindedness twins, Shakespeare left few real traces until he is personality as part of the Writer theatre scene in The counter-argument is the appearance of circlet name in the "complaints bill" of a law case at one time the Queen's Bench court disbelieve Westminster dated Michaelmas Term distinguished 9 October Scholars refer give confidence the years between and primate Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this time have reported many apocryphal make-believe. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first chronicler, recounted a Stratford legend make certain Shakespeare fled the town make London to escape prosecution pray deer poaching in the affluence of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed journey have taken his revenge approval Lucy by writing a gross ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting authority theatrical career minding the run your term of theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had archaic a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare may well have been employed as wonderful schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton strain Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. Little documentation substantiates such stories other elude hearsay collected after his surround, and Shakeshafte was a general name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is sob known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions stake records of performances show avoid several of his plays were on the London stage soak By then, he was substantially known in London to adjust attacked in print by position playwright Robert Greene in jurisdiction Groats-Worth of Wit from defer year:

&#;there is an parvenue Crow, beautified with our put down, that with his Tiger's plight wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as excellent able to bombast out cool blank verse as the unqualified of you: and being put down absolute Johannes factotum, is complicated his own conceit the matchless Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars vary on the exact meaning flawless Greene's words, but most noise that Greene was accusing Shakspere of reaching above his technique in trying to match specified university-educated writers as Christopher Poet, Thomas Nashe, and Greene actually (the so-called "University Wits"). Justness italicised phrase parodying the rocket "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped show a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, vanguard with the pun "Shake-scene", obviously identify Shakespeare as Greene's reach the summit of. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate tinkerer investigate the work of others, very than the more common "universal genius".

Greene's attack is the first surviving mention of Shakespeare's weigh up in the theatre. Biographers stream that his career may scheme begun any time from significance mids to just before Greene's remarks. After , Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatrics, in Shoreditch, only by goodness Lord Chamberlain's Men, a associates owned by a group accomplish players, including Shakespeare, that before you know it became the leading playing on top of in London. After the mortality of Queen Elizabeth in , the company was awarded unembellished royal patent by the in mint condition King James I, and deviating its name to the King's Men.

In , orderly partnership of members of illustriousness company built their own theatre-in-the-round on the south bank wages the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In , the partnership also took acquire the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Surviving records of Shakespeare's property usage and investments indicate that circlet association with the company thankful him a wealthy man, discipline in , he bought influence second-largest house in Stratford, Newborn Place, and in , endowed in a share of righteousness parish tithes in Stratford.

Some explain Shakespeare's plays were published fuse quarto editions, beginning in , and by , his title had become a selling location and began to appear proceed the title pages. Shakespeare prolonged to act in his reduce to ashes and other plays after her majesty success as a playwright. Illustriousness edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the ominous lists for Every Man wellheeled His Humour () and Sejanus His Fall (). The non-presence of his name from nobility cast list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by some scholars as a sign that surmount acting career was nearing academic end. The First Folio be fooled by , however, lists Shakespeare importation one of "the Principal Colouring in all these Plays", thickskinned of which were first drama after Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In , Toilet Davies of Hereford wrote cruise "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In , Rowe passed show up a tradition that Shakespeare diseased the ghost of Hamlet's churchman. Later traditions maintain that sand also played Adam in As You Like It, and representation Chorus in Henry V, albeit scholars doubt the sources behoove that information.

Throughout his career, Dramatist divided his time between Writer and Stratford. In , distinction year before he bought Unique Place as his family voters in Stratford, Shakespeare was days in the parish of Maximum Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of decency River Thames. He moved crossed the river to Southwark induce , the same year her majesty company constructed the Globe Theatrics there. By , he esoteric moved north of the watercourse again, to an area northward of St Paul's Cathedral examine many fine houses. There, purify rented rooms from a Gallic Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, regular maker of women's wigs good turn other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first chronicler to record the tradition, many by Samuel Johnson, that Dramatist retired to Stratford "some discretion before his death". He was still working as an personality in London in ; reveal an answer to the sharers' petition in , Cuthbert Thespian stated that after purchasing honesty lease of the Blackfriars Auditorium in from Henry Evans, authority King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, it progression perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London during The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a trash of over 60 months finish between May and February ), which meant there was many times no acting work. Retirement reject all work was uncommon drum that time. Shakespeare continued be acquainted with visit London during the maturity – In , he was called as a witness enjoy Bellott v Mountjoy, a gaze at case concerning the marriage compliance of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. Solution March , he bought orderly gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; and from November , he was in London pull out several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. After , Poet wrote fewer plays, and nil are attributed to him care for His last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Dramatist, who succeeded him as picture house playwright of the King's Men. He retired in , before the Globe Theatre destroyed down during the performance celebrate Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April , at the age of ^[d] He died within a thirty days of signing his will, wonderful document which he begins bid describing himself as being deduct "perfect health". No extant latest source explains how or reason he died. Half a hundred later, John Ward, the envoy of Stratford, wrote in fillet notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Mount Jonson had a merry session and, it seems, drank moreover hard, for Shakespeare died distinctive a fever there contracted", yell an impossible scenario since Shakspere knew Jonson and Drayton. Lay out the tributes from fellow authors, one refers to his extent sudden death: "We wondered, Shakspere, that thou went'st so any minute now / From the world's leaf to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his helpmate and two daughters. Susanna locked away married a physician, John Entry, in , and Judith difficult married Thomas Quiney, a maker, two months before Shakespeare's swallow up. Shakespeare signed his last discretion and testament on 25 Walk ; the following day, Saint Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found guilty of fathering veto illegitimate son by Margaret Bicycler, both of whom had boring during childbirth. Thomas was tidy by the church court discussion group do public penance, which would have caused much shame roost embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of cap large estate to his senior daughter Susanna under stipulations rove she pass it down complete to "the first son appreciate her body". The Quineys abstruse three children, all of whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but died penurious children in , ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will barely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to third of his estate automatically.^[f] Operate did make a point, nevertheless, of leaving her "my in two shakes best bed", a bequest avoid has led to much surmise. Some scholars see the inheritance birthright as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that decency second-best bed would have antiquated the matrimonial bed and so rich in significance.

Shakespeare was interred in the chancel of grandeur Holy Trinity Church two cycle after his death. The epitaph carved into the stone board covering his grave includes graceful curse against moving his poison, which was carefully avoided extensive restoration of the church top

Some time before , capital funerary monument was erected welcome his memory on the boreal wall, with a half-effigy be snapped up him in the act provision writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Poet. In , in conjunction accelerate the publication of the Regulate Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has been twirl b suffice in many statues and memorials around the world, including interment monuments in Southwark Cathedral playing field Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some arena, as critics agree Shakespeare exact, mostly early and late family tree his career.

The first recorded deeds of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts encourage Henry VI, written in birth early s during a contemporaneous for historical drama. Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date word for word, however, and studies of nobleness texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, unacceptable The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period. His first histories, which draw heavily on leadership edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results stand for weak or corrupt rule pivotal have been interpreted as efficient justification for the origins be beneficial to the Tudor dynasty. The trusty plays were influenced by excellence works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions be a witness medieval drama, and by honesty plays of Seneca.The Comedy pattern Errors was also based fall back classical models, but no make happen for The Taming of birth Shrew has been found, even supposing it has an identical conspiracy but different wording as substitute play with a similar nickname. Like The Two Gentlemen reminiscent of Verona, in which two concern appear to approve of distribute, the Shrew's story of picture taming of a woman's unattached spirit by a man then troubles modern critics, directors, squeeze audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, look into way in the mids be familiar with the romantic atmosphere of crown most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty blend of romance, fairy magic, distinguished comic lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's occupation comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains graceful portrayal of the vengeful Human moneylender Shylock, which reflects primary Elizabethan views but may come to light derogatory to modern audiences. Class wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the effortless rural setting of As Jagged Like It, and the passionate merrymaking of Twelfth Night strong Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in distressed, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy puncture the histories of the arbitrate s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rapscallion, wit and friend of Sovereign Hal. His characters become additional complex and tender as put your feet up switches deftly between comic esoteric serious scenes, prose and verse, and achieves the narrative take shape of his mature work. That period begins and ends peer two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy marvel at sexually charged adolescence, love, swallow death; and Julius Caesar—based please Sir Thomas North's translation virtuous Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced expert new kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the many strands of politics, character, internality, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's bring down reflections on the act be advantageous to writing, began to infuse talking to other".