Jacques cousteau life and biography book

French naval officer, oceanographer, producer and author ()

Jacques-Yves Cousteau, AC (, also, French:[ʒakivkusto]; 11 June &#;&#; 25 June )^[1] was systematic French naval officer, oceanographer, producer and author. He co-invented nobleness first successful open-circuit self-contained subaqueous breathing apparatus (SCUBA), called authority Aqua-Lung, which assisted him extract producing some of the regulate underwater documentaries.

Cousteau wrote various books describing his undersea explorations. In his first book, The Silent World: A Story lecture Undersea Discovery and Adventure, Adventurer surmised the existence of goodness echolocation abilities of porpoises. Authority book was adapted into spruce underwater documentary called The Implicit World. Co-directed by Cousteau most important Louis Malle, it was given of the first films infer use underwater cinematography to thoughts the ocean depths in chroma. The film won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Crust Festival and remained the documentary to do so unfinished (when Fahrenheit 9/11 received greatness award). It was also awarded the Academy Award for Beat Documentary in

From to , he hosted The Undersea Earth of Jacques Cousteau, a movie television series, presented on Denizen commercial television stations. A next documentary series, The Cousteau Odyssey, ran from to on the populace television stations.

Biography

Early life

Cousteau was born application 11 June , in Saint-André-de-Cubzac, Gironde, France, to Daniel beginning Élisabeth Cousteau. He had tune brother, Pierre-Antoine. Cousteau completed her highness preparatory studies at the Collège Stanislas in Paris. In , he entered the École navale and graduated as a cannon officer. However, an automobile break, which broke both his admission of defeat, cut short his career pustule naval aviation. The accident laboured Cousteau to change his agreement to become a naval aviator, so he then indulged ruler passion for the ocean.^[2]

In Toulon, where he was serving pressure the Condorcet, Cousteau carried dance his first underwater experiments, gratitude to his friend Philippe Tailliez who in lent him many Fernez underwater goggles, predecessors fanatic modern swimming goggles.^[1] Cousteau too belonged to the information help of the French Navy, courier was sent on missions be selected for Shanghai and Japan (–) obtain in the USSR ().^[3]

On 12 July , he married Simone Melchior, his business partner,^[4] exact whom he had two fry, Jean-Michel (born ) and Philippe (–). His sons took faculty in the adventures of grandeur Calypso. In , six months after his wife Simone's infect from cancer, he married Francine Triplet. They already had skilful daughter Diane Cousteau (born ) and a son, Pierre-Yves Explorer (born , during Cousteau's addon to his first wife).

Early s: innovation of modern subaqueous diving

The years of World Fighting II were decisive for rank history of diving. After decency armistice of , the kith and kin of Simone and Jacques-Yves Adventurer took refuge in Megève, spin he became a friend type the Ichac family who likewise lived there. Jacques-Yves Cousteau endure Marcel Ichac shared the precise desire to reveal to high-mindedness general public unknown and unreachable places—for Cousteau the underwater nature and for Ichac the big mountains. The two neighbors took the first ex-aequo prize influence the Congress of Documentary Album in , for the head French underwater film: Par dix-huit mètres de fond (18 meters deep), made without breathing wrestle the previous year in nobility Embiez islands in Var, agree with Philippe Tailliez and Frédéric Writer, using a depth-pressure-proof camera crate developed by mechanical engineer Léon Vèche, an engineer of Bailiwick and Measures at the Marine College.

In , they energetic the film Épaves (Shipwrecks), impede which they used two chide the very first Aqua-Lung prototypes. These prototypes were made come to terms with Boulogne-Billancourt by the Air Liquide company, following instructions from Explorer and Émile Gagnan.^[5] When fabrication Épaves, Cousteau could not emphasize the necessary blank reels detailed movie film, but had follow buy hundreds of small calm camera film reels the different width, intended for a feigned of child's camera, and firm them together to make far ahead reels.^[6][7]

Having kept bonds with magnanimity English speakers (he spent theme of his childhood in birth United States and usually support English) and with French lower ranks in North Africa (under Admiral Lemonnier), Jacques-Yves Cousteau (whose dwelling "Baobab" at Sanary (Var) was opposite Admiral Darlan's villa "Reine"), helped the French Navy bring forth join again with the Allies; he assembled a commando begin against the Italian espionage service in France, and received various military decorations for his events. At that time, he kept back his distance from his fellow Pierre-Antoine Cousteau, a "pen anti-semite" who edited the collaborationist magazine Je suis partout (I knowledge everywhere) and who received righteousness death sentence in However, that was later commuted to grand life sentence, and Pierre-Antoine was released in

During the unfeeling, Cousteau is credited with recuperating the Aqua-Lung design which gave birth to the open-circuit aqualung technology used today. According style his first book, The Undeclared World: A Story of Underwater Discovery and Adventure (), Adventurer started diving with Fernez glass in , and in spineless the self-contained underwater breathing equipment invented in by Commander Yves le Prieur.^[6] Cousteau was yowl satisfied with the length disparage time he could spend subaqueous with the Le Prieur requisites so he improved it longing extend underwater duration by things a demand regulator, invented essential by Émile Gagnan.^[6] In Adventurer tried out the first mock-up Aqua-Lung which finally made extensive underwater exploration possible.

Late s: GERS and Élie Monnier

In , Cousteau and Tailliez showed position film Épaves ("Shipwrecks") to Admiral Lemonnier, who gave them class responsibility of setting up representation GRS (Groupement de Recherches Sous-marines, Underwater Research Group) of primacy French Navy in Toulon. A- little later it became ethics GERS (Groupe d'Études et show Recherches Sous-Marines, Underwater Studies famous Research Group), then the COMISMER (Commandement des Interventions Sous icy Mer, Undersea Interventions Command), distinguished finally the CEPHISMER (Centre Specialist Plongée Humaine et Intervention Sous la Mer, Expert Centre fulfill Human Diving and Undersea Intervention). In , Chief Petty OfficerMaurice Fargues became the first frogman to die using an Aqua-Lung, while attempting a new profundity record to &#;m with justness GERS near Toulon.^[8]

In , mid missions of mine clearance, undersea exploration and technological and physiologic tests, Cousteau undertook a premier campaign in the Mediterranean nuance board the sloopÉlie Monnier,^[9][10] staunch Philippe Tailliez, Frédéric Dumas, Pants Alinat and the scenario essayist Marcel Ichac. The small operation also undertook the exploration close the Roman wreck of Mahdia (Tunisia). It was the greatest underwater archaeology operation using sovereign diving, opening the way go allout for scientific underwater archaeology. Cousteau existing Marcel Ichac brought back shun there the Carnets diving pick up (presented and preceded with integrity Cannes Film Festival ).

Cousteau and the Élie Monnier as a result took part in the save of Professor Jacques Piccard's bathyscape, the FNRS-2, during the field trip to Dakar. Thanks to that rescue, the French Navy was able to reuse the globe of the bathyscaphe to core the FNRS

The adventures be more or less this period are told dainty the two books The Tranquil World (, by Cousteau ground Dumas) and Plongées sans câble (, by Philippe Tailliez).

–s

In , Cousteau left the Gallic Navy.

In , he supported the French Oceanographic Campaigns (FOC), and leased a ship baptized Calypso from Thomas Loel Stout for a symbolic one franc a year. Cousteau refitted justness Calypso as a mobile work for field research and whereas his principal vessel for dive and filming. He also excursion out underwater archaeological excavations edict the Mediterranean, in particular disbelieve Grand-Congloué ().

With the check over of his first book dash , The Silent World, Adventurer correctly predicted the existence go the echolocation abilities of porpoises. He reported that his exploration vessel, the Élie Monier, was heading to the Straits confront Gibraltar and noticed a grade of porpoises following them. Explorer changed course a few graduation off the optimal course brand the center of the medium, and the porpoises followed ferry a few minutes, then diverged toward mid-channel again. It was evident that they knew whither the optimal course lay, regular if the humans did note. Cousteau concluded that the cetaceans had something like sonar, which was a relatively new lane on submarines.

In , Explorer conducted a survey of Abu Dhabi waters on behalf bank British Petroleum. Among those allied him was Louis Malle who made a black-and-white film faux the expedition for the company.^[11] Cousteau won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Celebration in for The Silent World co-produced with Malle. In , Cousteau took over as commander of the Oceanographic Museum assault Monaco.^[2] Afterward, with the backing of Jean Mollard, he thought a "diving saucer" SP, wholesome experimental underwater vehicle which could reach a depth of meters. The successful experiment was dash something off repeated in with two vehicles which reached meters.

In , he was elected as full of yourself of the Oceanographic Museum end Monaco.^[2] He directed Précontinent, take the experiments of diving play in saturation (long-duration immersion, houses out of the sun the sea), and was manifest to the United States Popular Academy of Sciences.

He was involved in the creation be fitting of Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques and served as its first president from to ^[12]

Cousteau too took part in inventing position "SP Denise Diving Saucer" put over which was an invention preeminent for exploring the ocean nautical, as it allowed one inhibit explore on solid ground.^[2]

In Oct , a large amount sun-up radioactive waste was going statement of intent be discarded in the Sea Sea by the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA). The CEA argued that the dumps were experimental in nature, and give it some thought French oceanographers such as Vsevolod Romanovsky had recommended it. Romanovsky and other French scientists, as well as Louis Fage and Jacques Adventurer, repudiated the claim, saying zigzag Romanovsky had in mind neat as a pin much smaller amount. The CEA claimed that there was round about circulation (and hence little require for concern) at the unload site between Nice and Corsica, but French public opinion unhinged with the oceanographers rather rather than with the CEA atomic potency scientists. The CEA chief, Francis Perrin, decided to postpone picture dump.^[13] Cousteau organized a build-up campaign which in less rather than two weeks gained wide in favour support. The train carrying goodness waste was stopped by unit and children sitting on significance railway tracks, and it was sent back to its foundation.

In the s, Cousteau was involved with a set ceremony three projects to build submarine "villages"; the projects were denominated Precontinent I, Precontinent II countryside Precontinent III. Each ensuing plan was aimed at increasing rectitude depth at which people incessantly lived under water, and were an attempt at creating spruce environment in which men could live and work on decency sea floor. The projects utter best known as Conshelf Beside oneself (), Conshelf II (), keep from Conshelf III (). The first name "Precontinent", and "Continental Shelf Station" (Conshelf) were used interchangeably outdo Cousteau.

A meeting with Dweller television companies (ABC, Métromédia, NBC) created the series The Marine World of Jacques Cousteau, clank the character of the officer in the red bonnet hereditary from standard diving dress discretionary to give the films fine "personalized adventure" style. This picture television series ran for 10 years from to A next documentary series, The Cousteau Odyssey, ran from to on the upper classes television stations.

In , blooper wrote the book The Shark: Splendid Savage of the Sea with his son Philippe. All the rage this book, Cousteau described influence oceanic whitetip shark as "the most dangerous of all sharks".

In December , two period after the volcano's last frenzy, The Cousteau Society was cinematography Voyage au bout du monde on Deception Island, Antarctica, what because Michel Laval, Calypso's second buy command, was struck and fasten by a rotor of leadership helicopter that was ferrying in the middle of Calypso and the island.^[14][15]

In , along with his two program and Frederick Hyman, he coined the Cousteau Society for glory Protection of Ocean Life, Town Hyman being its first Mr big.

In , John Denver unrestricted the tribute song "Calypso" consider his album Windsong, and measure the B-side of his get trapped in song "I'm Sorry". "Calypso" became a hit on its heighten and was later considered depiction new A-side, reaching No. 2 on the charts.

In , Cousteau located the wreck conjure HMHS Britannic, which had done for on the 21st November end striking a mine in honesty Kea Channel, the 3rd with final of the three Olympic-class liners & the younger angel of mercy to the RMS Olympic obscure RMS Titanic. He also muddle up the wreck of the Nation 17th-century ship-of-the-line La Therese improvement coastal waters of Crete.

In , together with Peter Actor, he received the UN Supranational Environment prize.

On 28 June , while the Calypso was on an expedition to Portugal, his second son Philippe, fulfil preferred and designated successor view with whom he had co-produced all his films since , died in a PBY Catalina flying boat crash in greatness Tagus river near Lisbon. Explorer was deeply affected. He entitled his eldest son, the contriver Jean-Michel, to his side. That collaboration lasted 14 years.

–s

From to , he was span regular on the animal fact show Those Amazing Animals, advance with Burgess Meredith, Priscilla Presley, and Jim Stafford.

In , Cousteau traveled to Canada humble make two films on depiction Saint Lawrence River and magnanimity Great Lakes, Cries from representation Deep and St. Lawrence: Stair to the Sea.^[16]

From to , Cousteau released a series surrounding films on the Amazon criticism TBS.^[17]

In , he received blue blood the gentry Presidential Medal of Freedom expend U.S. President Ronald Reagan. Crystal-clear also released Cousteau/Mississippi, which won a Primetime Emmy Award give a hand Outstanding Informational Special.^[18]

From to , Cousteau released Rediscovery of excellence World, also with TBS.

On 24 November , he was elected to the Académie française, chair 17, succeeding Jean Suspend. His official reception under prestige cupola took place on 22 June , the response simulation his speech of reception growth given by Bertrand Poirot-Delpech. Care for his death, he was replaced by Érik Orsenna on 28 May

In June , representation composer Jean Michel Jarre compensated homage to the commander chunk entitling his new album Waiting for Cousteau. He also equanimous the music for Cousteau's docudrama "Palawan, the last refuge".

On 2 December , his helpmate, Simone Cousteau died of mortal. Six months later, in June , in Paris, Jacques-Yves Explorer remarried to Francine Triplet, reduce whom he had a affinity since the early s focus on two children, Diane (born lure ) and Pierre-Yves (born ton ). Francine Cousteau currently continues her husband's work as position head of the Cousteau Stanchion and Cousteau Society. From focus point, the relations between Jacques-Yves and his elder son, who is 8 years older ahead of Francine, worsened.

In November , Cousteau gave an interview be the UNESCO Courier, in which he stated that he was in favour of human the general public control and population decrease. Everywhere quoted on the Internet sense these two paragraphs from distinction interview: "What should we relax to eliminate suffering and disease? It's a wonderful idea on the other hand perhaps not altogether a valuable one in the long foothold. If we try to put into action it we may jeopardize magnanimity future of our speciesIt's severe abhorrent to have to say that. World population must be steady and to do that astonishment must eliminate , people burst into tears day. This is so dreadful to contemplate that we shouldn't even say it. But honesty general situation in which astonishment are involved is lamentable".^[19]

In , he was invited to City de Janeiro, Brazil, for rank United Nations' International Conference indicate Environment and Development, and accordingly he became a regular physician for the UN and greatness World Bank.

In , unembellished brief biography, as well introduction an introduction by Cousteau was featured in interactive educational code program Undersea Adventure, developed timorous former game developer Knowledge Feat.

In , Cousteau became fade away in a legal battle unwanted items his son Jean-Michel, who was advertising the "Cousteau Fiji Islands Resort" in the South Cool, to prevent him from dislike the Cousteau name for skill purposes in the United States.^[20] This resulted in Jean-Michel Explorer being ordered by the have a crack to not encourage confusion halfway his for-profit business and rulership father's non-profit endeavours.

On 11 January , Calypso was rammed and sunk in the soubriquet of Singapore by a canal boat. The Calypso was refloated increase in intensity towed home to France.^[21]

Religious views

Archbishop Jean-Marie Lustiger celebrated his burying Mass at Notre-Dame in Town. In his homily he alleged, "Without betraying any confidences, Father confessor Carré told me of emperor respect for Jacques-Yves Cousteau. Why not? discovered in him a person of prayer whom he attended in his last months show his life, giving him, rebuke the sacraments of the Communion, the strength of his moving towards eternity."^[22]

In a chapter ruling "The Holy Scriptures and blue blood the gentry Environment" in the posthumous thought The Human, the Orchid, wallet the Octopus, he is quoted as stating that "The dignity of nature provides evidence go off at a tangent God exists".^[23]

Opinion on recreational fishing

Cousteau said that just because fumble are cold-blooded does not near they do not feel stomachache, and that recreational fishermen one say so to reassure their conscience.^[24]

Death and legacy

Jacques-Yves Cousteau dull of a heart attack take upon yourself 25 June in Paris, weeks after his 87th solemnization. He was buried in probity family vault at Saint-André-de-Cubzac, potentate birthplace.^[25] An homage was cashed to him by the township by naming the street which runs out to the dwelling of his birth "rue telly Commandant Cousteau", where a monumental plaque was placed.

Cousteau's endowment includes more than television documentaries, more than 50 books, wallet an environmental protection foundation industrial action , members.^[1]

Cousteau liked to telephone himself an "oceanographic technician". Do something was, in reality, a cultivated showman, teacher, and lover prescription nature. His work permitted go to regularly people to explore the tuck of the oceans.

His reading also created a new friendly of scientific communication, criticized ignore the time by some academics. The so-called "divulgationism", a unsympathetic way of sharing scientific concepts, was soon employed in pander to disciplines and became one surrounding the most important characteristics locate modern television broadcasting.

His Oceanographic Museum in Monaco, and it is possible that even he himself,^[26][27] has bent identified as introducing the "Killer Algae" Caulerpa taxifolia, which absolute negatively affecting the Mediterranean's habitat.

The Cousteau Society and warmth French counterpart, l'Équipe Cousteau, both of which Jacques-Yves Cousteau supported, are still active today. Distinction Society is currently attempting arranged turn the original Calypso get stuck a museum and it psychiatry raising funds to build skilful successor vessel, the Calypso II.

In , the International Ruling Company introduced the IWC Aquatimer Chronograph "Cousteau Divers" Special Footsteps. The timepiece incorporated a piece of wood from the emotions of Cousteau's Calypso research holder. Having developed the diver's survey, IWC offered support to Magnanimity Cousteau Society. The proceeds pass up the timepieces' sales were in part donated to the non-profit succession involved in conservation of maritime life and preservation of figurative coral reefs.^[28]

Fabien Cousteau, the grandson of Jacques Cousteau, is attach importance to the process of constructing marvellous community of ocean flooring appreciation stations, called Proteus, off Curaçao at a depth of get your skates on 20 m in a marine-protected area. Aquanauts could reside discipline work in these underwater habitats. Front-end engineering has started false with the habitat planned be thankful for the sea bottom in ^[29]

In October , an underwater cairn honoring Jacques Cousteau was sited in the underwater dive protected area off Casino Point in Welkin, California. In November , absurd to deterioration, the plaque was replaced.^[30][31]

Awards and honors

During his life-time, Jacques-Yves Cousteau received these distinctions:

Filmography

Legend

Bibliography

• The Silent World (, with Frédéric Dumas)
• Captain Cousteaus Underwater Treasury (, with Book Dugan)
• The Living Sea (, monitor James Dugan)
• World Without Sun ()
• The Undersea Discoveries of Jacques-Yves Cousteau (–, 8-volumes, with Philippe Diolé)
  • The Shark: Splendid Savage remind the Sea ()
  • Diving for Undersea Treasure ()
  • Life and Death engage a Coral Sea ()
  • The Whale: Mighty Monarch of the Sea ()
  • Octopus and Squid: The Squeezable Intelligence ()
  • Three Adventures: Galápagos, Titicaca, the Blue Holes ()
  • Diving Companions: Sea Lion, Elephant Seal, Walrus ()
  • Dolphins ()
• The Ocean World pleasant Jacques Cousteau (–78, 21 volumes)
  • Oasis in Space (vol 1)
  • The Act of Life (vol 2)
  • Quest for Food (vol 3)
  • Window derive the Sea (vol 4)
  • The Split up of Motion (vol 5)
  • Attack soar Defense (vol 6)
  • Invisible Messages (vol 7)
  • Instinct and Intelligence (vol 8)
  • Pharaohs of the Sea (vol 9)
  • Mammals in the Sea (vol 10)
  • Provinces of the Sea (vol 11)
  • Man Re-Enters Sea (vol 12)
  • A Ocean of Legends (vol 13)
  • Adventure claim Life (vol 14)
  • Outer and Interior Space (vol 15)
  • The Whitecaps (vol 16)
  • Riches of the Sea (vol 17)
  • Challenges of the Sea (vol 18)
  • The Sea in Danger (vol 19)
  • Guide to the Sea crucial Index (vol 20)
  • Calypso (, vol 21)
• A Bill of Rights untainted Future Generations ()
• Life at excellence Bottom of the World ()
• The Cousteau United States Almanac sequester the Environment (, a.k.a. The Cousteau Almanac of blue blood the gentry Environment: An Inventory of Test on a Water Planet)
• Jacques Cousteau's Calypso (, with Alexis Sivirine)
• Marine Life of the Caribbean (, with James Cribb and Poet H. Suchanek)
• Jacques Cousteau's Amazon Journey (, with Mose Richards)
• Jacques Cousteau: The Ocean World ()
• The Whale (, with Philippe Diolé)
• Jacques Cousteau: Whales (, with Yves Paccalet)
• The Human, The Orchid and Primacy Octopus (and Susan Schiefelbein, coauthor; Bloomsbury )

Media portrayals

Jacques Cousteau has been portrayed in films:

• The American comedy film The Self-possessed Aquatic with Steve Zissou, tied by Wes Anderson and greatest released in December , portrays Steve Zissou, a fictional oceanographer strongly inspired by Jacques Cousteau.^[34][35][36]
• The French film The Odyssey, resolved by Jérôme Salle and be foremost released in October , focuses on Cousteau's life, especially concerning his relation with his control wife, Simone Melchior, and cap second son, Philippe Cousteau.^{[37][38][35][36]}
• Jacques Adventurer was featured in Epic Call Battle of History's sixth patch, and was portrayed by Shaft Shukoff. He faced off disagree with Steve Irwin, portrayed by Histrion Ahlquist.
• Jacques Cousteau is depicted intricate the music video for prestige Plastic Bertrand song titled “Jacques Cousteau.” In the video Jacques Cousteau is depicted as exhausting nautical attire and living inconvenience a fish bowl.
• Jacques Cousteau was briefly featured in the gay television series, "SpongeBob SquarePants", embankment the episode Spongebob's Big Red-letter day Blowout. He was portrayed bring in the French Narrator who regularly speaks and/or makes appearances subtract the show.

See also

References