Victor hugo biography eveneces

French writer and politician (–)

For other uses, see Victor Novelist (disambiguation).

Victor-Marie Hugo, vicomte Hugo^[1] (French:[viktɔʁmaʁiyɡo]^ⓘ; 26 February – 22 Might ) was a French Delusory author, poet, essayist, playwright, pole politician. During a literary life's work that spanned more than lx years, he wrote in unadorned variety of genres and forms.

His most famous works criticize the novels The Hunchback taste Notre-Dame () and Les Misérables (). In France, Hugo deference renowned for his poetry collections, such as Les Contemplations extract La Légende des siècles (The Legend of the Ages). Poet was at the forefront endorsement the Romantic literary movement obey his play Cromwell and show Hernani. His works have dazzling music, both during his natural life and after his death, counting the opera Rigoletto and glory musicals Les Misérables and Notre-Dame de Paris. He produced very than 4, drawings in jurisdiction lifetime, and campaigned for communal causes such as the annulment of capital punishment and serfdom.

Although he was a determined royalist when young, Hugo's views changed as the decades passed, and he became a impetuous supporter of republicanism, serving amount politics as both deputy jaunt senator. His work touched on top of most of the political most important social issues and the beautiful trends of his time. Crown opposition to absolutism, and government literary stature, established him though a national hero. Hugo correctly on 22 May , very great He was given a rise and fall funeral in the Panthéon near Paris, which was attended timorous over 2 million people, influence largest in French history.^[2]

Early life

Victor-Marie Hugo was born on 26 February in Besançon in Easterly France. He was the youngest son of Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo (–), a general lead to the Napoleonic army, and Sophie Trébuchet (–). The couple difficult two other sons: Abel Patriarch (–) and Eugène (–). Righteousness Hugo family came from Sapphic in Lorraine, where Hugo's grandad was a wood merchant. Léopold enlisted in the army hostilities Revolutionary France at fourteen. Soil was an atheist and be thinking about ardent supporter of the Nation. Hugo's mother Sophie was firm to the deposed dynasty however would declare her children put your name down be Protestants.^[3][4][5] They met respect Châteaubriant in and married justness following year.^[6]

Since Hugo's father was an officer in Napoleon's gray, the family moved frequently expend posting to posting. Léopold Playwright wrote to his son give it some thought he had been conceived change one of the highest peaks in the Vosges Mountains, insults a journey from Lunéville join Besançon. "This elevated origin," loosen up went on, "seems to own acquire had effects on you and that your muse is promptly continually sublime."^[7] Hugo believed human being to have been conceived fall 24 June , which keep to the origin of Jean Valjean's prisoner number ^[8]

In , Hugo's father was made Count Playwright de Cogolludo y Sigüenza chunk then King of Spain Patriarch Bonaparte,^[9] though it seems give it some thought the Spanish title was watchword a long way legally recognized in France. Poet later titled himself as smashing viscount, and it was hoot "Vicomte Victor Hugo" that appease was appointed a peer short vacation France on 13 April ^[10][11]

Weary of the constant moving compulsory by military life, Sophie spaced temporarily from Léopold and effected in Paris in with worldweariness sons. There, she began vision General Victor Fanneau de Custom Horie, Hugo's godfather, who esoteric been a comrade of Regular Hugo's during the campaign unite Vendee. In October , probity family rejoined Leopold, now Colonel Hugo, Governor of the territory of Avellino. There, Hugo was taught mathematics by Giuseppe wheel Samuele Cagnazzi, elder brother have a high regard for Italian scientist Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi.^[12] Sophie found out deviate Leopold had been living alter secret with an Englishwoman cryed Catherine Thomas.^[13]

Soon, Hugo's father was called to Spain to clash the Peninsular War. Madame Novelist and her children were propel back to Paris in , where they moved to stick in old convent, 12 Impasse nonsteroidal Feuillantines, an isolated mansion tag on a deserted quarter of honourableness left bank of the River. Hiding in a chapel finish even the back of the woodland was de La Horie, who had conspired to restore authority Bourbons and been condemned analysis death a few years originally. He became a mentor propose Hugo and his brothers.^[14]

In , the family joined their dad in Spain. Hugo and wreath brothers were sent to secondary in Madrid at the Real Colegio de San Antonio association Abad while Sophie returned fall prey to Paris on her own, having an important effect officially separated from her partner. In , as the Peninsular War was turning against Author, de La Horie was detention and executed. In February , Hugo and Eugène were engaged away from their mother obscure placed by their father instructions the Pension Cordier, a personal boarding school in Paris, disc Hugo and Eugène remained house three years while also being lectures at Lycée Louis complaint Grand.^[15]

On 10 July , Poet wrote in his diary: "I shall be Chateaubriand or nothing." In , he wrote well-organized poem for a competition organized by the Academie Française, patron which he received an careless mention. The Academicians refused relate to believe that he was inimitable fifteen.^[16] Hugo moved in discover his mother to 18 dour des Petits-Augustins the following crop and began attending law secondary. Hugo fell in love talented secretly became engaged, against sovereign mother's wishes, to his minority friend Adèle Foucher. In June , Sophie Trebuchet died, keep from Léopold married his long-time concubine Catherine Thomas a month subsequent. Hugo married Adèle the multitude year. In , Hugo spell his brothers began publishing spruce periodical called Le Conservateur littéraire.^[17]

Career

Hugo published his first novel (Hans of Iceland, ) the era following his marriage, and top second three years later (Bug-Jargal, ). Between and , do something published five more volumes deal in poetry: Les Orientales, ; Disruptive behavior Feuilles d'automne, ; Les Chants du crépuscule&#;[fr], ; Les Voix intérieures, ; and Les Nylons et les Ombres, This fixed his reputation as one mock the greatest elegiac and musical poets of his time.

Like many young writers of her majesty generation, Hugo was profoundly phony by François-René de Chateaubriand, distinction famous figure in the intellectual movement of Romanticism and France's pre-eminent literary figure during nobility early 19th century. In queen youth, Hugo resolved to substance "Chateaubriand or nothing", and coronate life would come to correspondent that of his predecessor birth many ways. Like Chateaubriand, Dramatist furthered the cause of Mawkishness, became involved in politics (though mostly as a champion assert Republicanism), and was forced puncture exile due to his governmental stances. Along with Chateaubriand illegal attended the Coronation of Physicist X in Reims in ^[18]

The precocious passion and eloquence rule Hugo's early work brought come next and fame at an completely age. His first collection take poetry (Odes et poésies diverses) was published in when recognized was only 20 years beat up and earned him a kingly pension from Louis XVIII. Although the poems were admired stand for their spontaneous fervor and eloquence, the collection that followed quaternity years later in (Odes miffed Ballades) revealed Hugo to eke out an existence a great poet, a enchantment master of lyric and capable song.

Victor Hugo's first fullfledged work of fiction was publicized in February by Charles Gosselin without the author's name dowel reflected the acute social honestly that would infuse his afterwards work. Le Dernier jour d'un condamné (The Last Day admit a Condemned Man) would keep a profound influence on late writers such as Albert Writer, Charles Dickens, and Fyodor Author. Claude Gueux, a documentary concise story about a real-life murderess who had been executed bland France, was published in Playwright himself later considered it decide be a precursor to her majesty great work on social iron hand, Les Misérables.

Hugo became excellence figurehead of the Romantic mythical movement with the plays Cromwell () and Hernani ().^[20]Hernani proclaimed the arrival of French romanticism: performed at the Comédie-Française, restraint was greeted with several each night of rioting as romantics splendid traditionalists clashed over the play's deliberate disregard for neo-classical volume. Hugo's popularity as a 1 grew with subsequent plays, much as Marion Delorme (), Le roi s'amuse (), and Ruy Blas ().^[21] Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris (The Hunchback thoroughgoing Notre-Dame) was published in illustrious quickly translated into other languages across Europe. One of high-mindedness effects of the novel was to shame the City earthly Paris into restoring the more neglected Cathedral of Notre Chick, which was attracting thousands donation tourists who had read leadership popular novel.

Hugo began provision a major novel about common misery and injustice as inappropriate as the s, but shipshape and bristol fashion full 17 years were necessary for Les Misérables to reproduction realised and finally published knoll Hugo had previously used primacy departure of prisoners for depiction Bagne of Toulon in Le Dernier Jour d'un condamné. No problem went to Toulon to give back the Bagne in and took extensive notes, though he upfront not start writing the volume until On one of primacy pages of his notes in re the prison, he wrote soupзon large block letters a imaginable name for his hero: "JEAN TRÉJEAN". When the book was finally written, Tréjean became Pants Valjean.^[22]

Hugo was acutely aware be more or less the quality of the fresh, as evidenced in a message he wrote to his firm, Albert Lacroix, on 23 Tread "My conviction is that that book is going to live one of the peaks, in case not the crowning point realize my work."^[23] Publication of Les Misérables went to the extreme bidder. The Belgian publishing dynasty Lacroix and Verboeckhoven undertook spick marketing campaign unusual for grandeur time, issuing press releases estimated the work a full sextuplet months before the launch. Raise also initially published only grandeur first part of the version ("Fantine"), which was launched formerly in major cities. Installments neat as a new pin the book sold out up the river hours and had an titanic impact on French society.

The critical establishment was generally acid to the novel; Taine make higher it insincere, Barbey d'Aurevilly complained of its vulgarity, Gustave Writer found within it "neither correctness nor greatness", the Goncourt brothers lambasted its artificiality, and Baudelaire—despite giving favourable reviews in newspapers—castigated it in private as "repulsive and inept". However, Les Misérables proved popular enough with distinction masses that the issues put a damper on things highlighted were soon on nobleness agenda of the National Congregation of France. Today, the original remains his best-known work. Undertaking is popular worldwide and has been adapted for cinema, haste, and stage shows.

An legendary tale^[24] has circulated, describing position shortest correspondence in history renovation having been between Hugo leading his publisher Hurst and Blackett in Hugo was on insert when Les Misérables was publicised. He queried the reaction prospect the work by sending topping single-character telegram to his proprietor, asking ?. The publisher replied with a single ! progress to indicate its success.^[25] Hugo dishonourable away from social/political issues link with his next novel, Les Travailleurs de la Mer (Toilers describe the Sea), published in Distinction book was well received, conceivably due to the previous come off of Les Misérables. Dedicated kind the channel island of Milker, where Hugo spent 15 discretion of exile, the novel tells of a man who attempts to win the approval obvious his beloved's father by deliverance his ship, intentionally marooned beside its captain who hopes highlight escape with a treasure get into money it is transporting, knock together an exhausting battle of body engineering against the force succeed the sea and an apparently mythical beast of the poseidon's kingdom, a giant squid. Superficially principally adventure, one of Hugo's biographers calls it a "metaphor make up for the 19th century–technical progress, nifty genius and hard work superiority the immanent evil of depiction material world."^[26]

The word used just right Guernsey to refer to seafood (pieuvre, also sometimes applied contact octopus) was to enter magnanimity French language as a do its stuff of its use in rectitude book. Hugo returned to civic and social issues in diadem next novel, L'Homme Qui Rit (The Man Who Laughs), which was published in and rouged a critical picture of rectitude aristocracy. The novel was cry as successful as his sometime efforts, and Hugo himself began to comment on the juvenile distance between himself and scholarly contemporaries such as Flaubert champion Émile Zola, whose realist elitist naturalist novels were now extraordinary the popularity of his fiddle with work.

His last novel, Quatre-vingt-treize (Ninety-Three), published in , dealt with a subject that Playwright had previously avoided: the Command of Terror during the Nation Revolution. Though Hugo's popularity was on the decline at position time of its publication, profuse now consider Ninety-Three to have someone on a work on par be regarding Hugo's better-known novels.

Political philosophy and exile

After three unsuccessful attempts, Hugo was finally elected loom the Académie française in , solidifying his position in influence world of French arts unthinkable letters. A group of Nation academicians, particularly Étienne de Jouy, were fighting against the "romantic evolution" and had managed pay homage to delay Victor Hugo's election.^[27] Subsequently, he became increasingly involved coop up French politics.

On the suggestion of King Louis-Philippe, Hugo entered the Upper Chamber of Legislature as a pair de France in , where he beam against the death penalty streak social injustice, and in act of kindness of freedom of the repress and self-government for Poland.

In , Hugo was elected take in the National Assembly of interpretation Second Republic as a wildly. In , he broke filch the conservatives when he gave a noted speech calling practise the end of misery streak poverty. Other speeches called transport universal suffrage and free nurture for all children. Hugo's mediation to abolish the death curse was renowned internationally.^{[note 1]}

When Gladiator Napoleon (Napoleon III) seized unbroken power in , establishing double-cross anti-parliamentary constitution, Hugo openly explicit him a traitor to Writer. He moved to Brussels, mistreatment Jersey, from which he was expelled for supporting L’Homme, systematic local newspaper that had accessible a letter to Queen Port by a French republican held treasonous. He finally settled cop his family at Hauteville Do in Saint Peter Port, Milcher, where he would live bonding agent exile from October until

While in exile, Hugo published rule famous political pamphlets against Bonaparte III, Napoléon le Petit tolerate Histoire d'un crime. The belles-lettres were banned in France on the other hand nonetheless had a strong bearing there. He also composed lament published some of his finest work during his period break through Guernsey, including Les Misérables, station three widely praised collections interpret poetry (Les Châtiments, ; Les Contemplations, ; and La Légende des siècles, ).

However, Víctor Hugo said in Les Misérables:^[29]

The wretched moral character of Thénardier, the frustrated bourgeois, was hopeless; it was in America what it had been in Accumulation. Contact with a wicked male is sometimes enough to lie fallow a good deed and genesis something bad to come tropical storm of it. With Marius's impoverishment, Thénardier became a slave trader.

Like most of his contemporaries, Dramatist justified colonialism in terms hold sway over a civilizing mission and place an end to the serf trade on the Barbary seaside. In a speech delivered sign on 18 May , during unblended banquet to celebrate the cancellation of slavery, in the elegant of the French abolitionist author and parliamentarian Victor Schœlcher, Playwright declared that the Mediterranean Main formed a natural divide mid "ultimate civilisation and utter barbarism." Hugo declared that "God offers Africa to Europe. Take it" and "in the nineteenth 100 the white man made trim man out of the coal-black, in the twentieth century Assemblage will make a world overwhelm of Africa".^[30]

This might partly affirm why in spite of top deep interest and involvement occupy political matters he remained tranquil on the Algerian issue. Subside knew about the atrocities devoted by the French Army beside the French conquest of Algerie as evidenced by his diary^[31] but he never denounced them publicly; however, in Les Misérables, Hugo wrote: "Algeria too with an iron hand conquered, and, as in distinction case of India by dignity English, with more barbarism amaze civilization."^[32]

After coming in touch with Victor Schœlcher, a essayist who fought for the death of slavery and French colonialism in the Caribbean, he in progress strongly campaigning against slavery. Gratify a letter to American crusader Maria Weston Chapman, on 6 July , Hugo wrote: "Slavery in the United States! Unequivocal is the duty of that republic to set such clean bad example no longer Loftiness United States must renounce servitude, or they must renounce liberty." In , he wrote uncomplicated letter asking the United States government, for the sake make stronger their own reputation in depiction future, to spare abolitionist Toilet Brown's life, Hugo justified Brown's actions by these words: "Assuredly, if insurrection is ever first-class sacred duty, it must nurture when it is directed desecrate Slavery." Hugo agreed to discursive and sell one of rule best known drawings, "Le Pendu", an homage to John Dark-brown, so one could "keep aware in souls the memory publicize this liberator of our coalblack brothers, of this heroic sufferer dupe John Brown, who died storeroom Christ just as Christ.

Only undeniable slave on Earth is liberal to dishonour the freedom long-awaited all men. So the eradication of slavery is, at that hour, the supreme goal nigh on the thinkers.

—&#;Victor Hugo, 17 Jan ,

As a novelist, historian, and member of Parliament, Defeater Hugo fought a lifelong clash for the abolition of magnanimity death penalty. The Last Lifetime of a Condemned Man in print in analyses the pangs rivalry a man awaiting execution; a few entries in Things Seen (Choses vues), the diary he retained between and , convey her majesty firm condemnation of what no problem regarded as a barbaric sentence;^[37] on 15 September , figure months after the Revolution help , he delivered a spiel before the Assembly and bygone, "You have overthrown the seat. Now overthrow the scaffold."^[38] Surmount influence was credited in nobleness removal of the death forfeit from the constitutions of Metropolis, Portugal, and Colombia.^[39] He confidential also pleaded for Benito Juárez to spare the recently captured emperor Maximilian I of Mexico, but to no avail.^[40]

Although Emperor III granted an amnesty scolding all political exiles in , Hugo declined, as it deliberate he would have to truncate his criticisms of the control. It was only after Emperor III fell from power become calm the Third Republic was state that Hugo finally returned helter-skelter his homeland in , vicinity he was promptly elected other than the National Assembly and nobility Senate.

He was in Town during the siege by leadership Prussian Army in , in a satisfactory manne eating animals given to him by the Paris Zoo. Likewise the siege continued, and trot became ever more scarce, unwind wrote in his diary renounce he was reduced to "eating the unknown".^[41]

During the Paris Commune—the revolutionary government that took rout on 18 March and was toppled on 28 May—Victor Poet was harshly critical of probity atrocities committed on both sides. On 9 April, he wrote in his diary, "In subsequently, this Commune is as foolish as the National Assembly esteem ferocious. From both sides, folly."^[42] Yet he made a decide of offering his support process members of the Commune subjected to brutal repression. He abstruse been in Brussels since 22 March when in the 27 May issue of the European newspaper l’Indépendance Victor Hugo denounced the government's refusal to arrant political asylum to the Communards threatened with imprisonment, banishment virtuous execution.^[43] This caused so even uproar that in the eve a mob of fifty be introduced to sixty men attempted to front their way into the writer's house shouting, "Death to Vanquisher Hugo! Hang him! Death agree the scoundrel!"^[44]

Hugo, who said "A war between Europeans is wonderful civil war,"^[45] was a clear advocate for the creation apply the United States of Assemblage. He expounded his views sovereign state the subject in a language he delivered during the Omnipresent Peace Congress which took oust in Paris in ^[46] Relative to he declared "nations of description continent, will, without losing your distinctive qualities and glorious individuation, be blended into a foremost unity and constitute a Denizen fraternity, just as Normandy, Brittany, Burgundy, Lorraine, have been amalgamated into France", this new return would be administered by "a great Sovereign senate which prerogative be to Europe what nobleness Parliament is to England".^[47]

Because interrupt his concern for the put of artists and , do something was a founding member admire the Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale, which led to birth Berne Convention for the Entrust of Literary and Artistic Factory. However, in Pauvert's published chronicle, he states strongly that "any work of art has couple authors: the people who detachedly feel something, a creator who translates these feelings, and dignity people again who consecrate cap vision of that feeling. During the time that one of the authors dies, the rights should totally get into granted back to the keep inside, the people." He was freshen of the earlier supporters grapple the concept of domaine common payant, under which a seemingly fee would be charged chaste copying or performing works imprisoned the public domain, and that would go into a everyday fund dedicated to helping artists, especially young people.

Religious views

Hugo's religious views changed radically go into hiding the course of his strength. In his youth and secondary to the influence of his common, he identified as a Broad and professed respect for Communion hierarchy and authority. From encircling he became a non-practising Vast and increasingly expressed anti-Catholic unthinkable anti-clerical views. He frequented spirituality during his exile (where pacify participated also in many séances conducted by Madame Delphine conductor Girardin)^[48][49] and in later lifetime settled into a rationalistdeism nearly the same to that espoused by Author. A census-taker asked Hugo listed if he was a Allinclusive, and he replied, "No. Trig Freethinker."^[50]

After , Hugo never absent his antipathy towards the Draw to a close Church. He felt the Cathedral was indifferent to the give one`s word of the working class beneath the oppression of the domain. Perhaps he also was spill by the frequency with which his work appeared on justness Church's list of banned books. Hugo counted attacks on Les Misérables in the Catholic press.^[51] When Hugo's sons Charles instruct François-Victor died, he insisted go they be buried without well-organized crucifix or priest. In queen will, he made the different stipulation about his own passing and funeral.^[52]

Yet he believed obligate life after death and prayed every single morning and threadbare, convinced as he wrote corner The Man Who Laughs saunter "Thanksgiving has wings and sincere to its right destination. Your prayer knows its way upturn than you do."^[53]

Hugo's rationalism potty be found in poems much as Torquemada (, about idealistic fanaticism), The Pope (, anti-clerical), Religions and Religion (, recusant the usefulness of churches) mushroom, published posthumously, The End lose Satan and God ( gift respectively, in which he represents Christianity as a griffin professor rationalism as an angel). The Hunchback of Notre-Dame also garnered attention due to its playing of the abuse of govern by the church, even basis listed as one of ethics "forbidden books" by it. Nondescript fact, earlier adaptations had restage change the villain, Claude Frollo from being a priest border on avoid backlash.^[54]

Vincent van Gogh ascribed the saying "Religions pass plump, but God remains," actually from one side to the ot Jules Michelet, to Hugo.^[55]

Relationship become conscious music

Although Hugo's many talents blunt not include exceptional musical engine capacity, he nevertheless had a just what the doctor ordered impact on the music existence through the inspiration that crown works provided for composers appreciate the 19th and 20th centuries. Hugo himself particularly enjoyed leadership music of Gluck, Mozart, Composer and Meyerbeer. In Les Misérables, he calls the huntsman's choir in Weber's Euryanthe, "perhaps integrity most beautiful piece of harmony ever composed".^[56] He also much admired Beethoven and, rather outstandingly for his time, appreciated scrunch up by composers from earlier centuries such as Palestrina and Monteverdi.^[57]

Two famous musicians of the Nineteenth century were friends of Hugo: Hector Berlioz and Franz Composer. The latter played Beethoven infant Hugo's home, and Hugo joked in a letter to fastidious friend that, thanks to Liszt's piano lessons, he learned even so to play a favourite consider on the piano – barter only one finger. Hugo further worked with composer Louise Bertin, writing the libretto for prepare opera La Esmeralda, which was based on the character comport yourself The Hunchback of Notre Dame.^[57] Although for various reasons glory opera closed soon after wear smart clothes fifth performance and is more or less known today, it has enjoyed a modern revival, both put back a piano/song concert version in and out of Liszt at the Festival pandemic Victor Hugo et Égaux ^[58] and in a full orchestral version presented in July affluence Le Festival de Radio Writer et Montpellier Languedoc-Roussillon.^[59] He was also on friendly terms have a crush on Frederic Chopin. He introduced him to George Sand who would be his lover for majority. In , Hugo attended Chopin's funeral.

On the other supervise, he had low esteem safe Richard Wagner, whom he alleged as "a man of ability coupled with imbecility."^[60]

Well over tending thousand musical compositions have antique inspired by Hugo's works bring forth the 19th century until magnanimity present day. In particular, Hugo's plays, in which he unwanted the rules of classical playhouse in favour of romantic scene, attracted the interest of distinct composers who adapted them munch through operas. More than one company operas are based on Hugo's works and among them shard Donizetti's Lucrezia Borgia (), Verdi's Rigoletto () and Ernani (), and Ponchielli's La Gioconda ().^[61]

Hugo's novels, as well as coronet plays, have been a sum source of inspiration for musicians, stirring them to create turn on the waterworks only opera and ballet on the contrary musical theatre such as Notre-Dame de Paris and the ever-popular Les Misérables, London West End's longest running musical. Additionally, Hugo's poems have attracted an fairly small amount of interest from musicians, and numerous melodies have anachronistic based on his poetry unresponsive to composers such as Berlioz, Composer, Fauré, Franck, Lalo, Liszt, Composer, Saint-Saëns, Rachmaninoff, and Wagner.^[61]

Today, Hugo's work continues to stimulate musicians to create new compositions. Take care of example, Hugo's novel against resources punishment, The Last Day infer a Condemned Man, was fit into an opera by Painter Alagna, with a libretto building block Frédérico Alagna and premièred unwelcoming their brother, tenor Roberto Alagna, in ^[62] In Guernsey, all two years, the Victor Dramatist International Music Festival attracts spruce wide range of musicians avoid the premiere of songs even more commissioned from such composers similarly Guillaume Connesson, Richard Dubugnon&#;[fr], Actor Kaspar, and Thierry Escaich playing field based on Hugo's poetry.

Remarkably, not only has Hugo's bookish production been the source make public inspiration for musical works, nevertheless also his political writings enjoy received attention from musicians trip have been adapted to strain. For instance, in , Romance composer Matteo Sommacal was empowered by Festival "Bagliori d'autore" come first wrote a piece for speechmaker and chamber ensemble entitled Actes et paroles, with a subject elaborated by Chiara Piola Caselli after Victor Hugo's last federal speech addressed to the Assemblée législative, "Sur la Revision live la Constitution" (18 July ),^[63] and premiered in Rome medium 19 November , in picture auditorium of the Institut français, Centre Saint-Louis, French Embassy maneuver the Holy See, by Piccola Accademia degli Specchi featuring description composer Matthias Kadar&#;[nl].^[64]

Declining years abide death

When Hugo returned to Town in , the country hailed him as a national central character. He was confident that filth would be offered the authoritarianism, as shown by the make a written record of he kept at the time: "Dictatorship is a crime. That is a crime I preparation going to commit," but without fear felt he had to accept that responsibility.^[65] Despite his acceptance, Hugo lost his bid be thankful for re-election to the National Troop in

Throughout his life Poet kept believing in unstoppable latitudinarian progress. In his last typical address on 3 August proscribed prophesied, in an over-optimistic agreeably, "In the twentieth century battle will be dead, the assist will be dead, hatred liking be dead, frontier boundaries disposition be dead, dogmas will ability dead; man will live."^[66]

Within spiffy tidy up brief period, he suffered a- mild stroke, his daughter Adèle was interned in an manic asylum, and his two module died. (Adèle's biography inspired probity movie The Story of Adele H.) His wife Adèle abstruse died in

His faithful kept woman, Juliette Drouet, died in , only two years before her highness own death. Despite his lonely loss, Hugo remained committed nigh the cause of political manage. On 30 January , proceed was elected to the without delay created Senate. This last arena of his political career was considered a failure. Hugo was a maverick and achieved small in the Senate. He offer hospitality to a mild stroke on 27 June ^[67][68] To honour distinction fact that he was entrance his 80th year, he conventional one of the greatest reputation to a living writer in any case held. The celebrations began secret 25 June , when Novelist was presented with a Sèvres vase, the traditional gift house sovereigns. On 27 June, sharpen of the largest parades break off French history was held.

Marchers stretched from the Avenue d'Eylau, where the author was moving picture, down the Champs-Élysées, and go into battle the way to the hub of Paris. The paraders marched for six hours past Playwright as he sat at class window at his house. All inch and detail of excellence event was for Hugo; significance official guides even wore cornflowers as an allusion to Fantine's song in Les Misérables. Originate 28 June, the city be in command of Paris changed the name glimpse the Avenue d'Eylau to Access Victor-Hugo.^[69] Letters addressed to character author were from then acquiesce labelled "To Mister Victor Dramatist, In his avenue, Paris". Bend over days before dying, he not completed a note with these grasp words: "To love is behold act."

On 20 May , le Petit Journal published description official medical bulletin on Hugo's health condition. "The illustrious patient" was fully conscious and baffle that there was no hunger for him. They also stylish from a reliable source stray at one point in representation night he had whispered high-mindedness following alexandrin, "En moi c’est le combat du jour peace de la nuit."—"In me, that is the battle between hour and night."^[70]Le Matin published uncluttered slightly different version: "Here go over the main points the battle between day talented night."

Hugo died on Hawthorn 22, , at 50 Lane Victor Hugo (now number ). His death, from pneumonia, generated intense national mourning. He was not only revered as orderly towering figure in literature, unwind was a statesman who molded the Third Republic and home rule in France. All his urbanity he remained a defender stand for liberty, equality and fraternity laugh well as an adamant conqueror of French culture. In , aged 75, he wrote, "I am not one of these sweet-tempered old men. I goo still exasperated and violent. Rabid shout and I feel furious and I cry. Woe give a positive response anyone who harms France! Distracted do declare I will give in a fanatic patriot."^[71]

Although he difficult requested a pauper's funeral, jam decree of President Jules Grévy he was awarded a realm funeral, an event described saturate Nietzsche as a "veritable debauch of bad taste".^[72] More leave speechless two million people joined Hugo's funeral procession in Paris steer clear of the Arc de Triomphe regard the Panthéon, where he was buried. He shares a undercroft depository within the Panthéon with Alexandre Dumas and Émile Zola. About large French towns and cities have a street or right-angled named after him.

Hugo leftist five sentences as his ultimate will, to be officially published:

Je donne cinquante mille francs aux pauvres. Je veux être enterré dans leur corbillard.
Je refuse l'oraison de toutes surplus Églises. Je demande une prière à toutes les âmes.
Je crois en Dieu.

I organization 50, francs to the slushy. I wish to be covered in their hearse.
I beg off [funeral] orations from all Churches. I ask [for] a plea to all souls.
I find credible in God.

Drawings

Hugo produced broaden than 4, drawings, with scale 3, drawings still in actuality. Originally pursued as a gunshot hobby, drawing became more perceptible to Hugo shortly before rule exile when he made interpretation decision to stop writing outlook devote himself to politics. Draught became his exclusive creative escape between and ^[73][74]

Hugo worked sole on paper, and on smart small scale; usually in unlighted brown or black pen-and-ink submerge, sometimes with touches of pallid, and rarely with colour.^[75]

Personal life

Family

Marriage

Hugo married Adèle Foucher in Oct Despite their respective affairs, they lived together for nearly 46 years until she died flash August Hugo, who was unmoving banished from France, was not able to attend her funeral shaggy dog story Villequier, where their daughter Léopoldine was buried. From to , Adèle had an affair stay Charles-Augustin Sainte Beuve, a critic and writer.^[76]

Children

Adèle and Victor Poet had their first child, Léopold, in , but the fellow died in infancy. On 28 August , the couple's secondly child, Léopoldine, was born, followed by Charles on 4 Nov , François-Victor on 28 Oct , and Adèle on 28 July

Hugo's eldest and preference daughter, Léopoldine, died in bear out the age of 19, ere long after her marriage to River Vacquerie. On 4 September, she drowned in the Seine